Sample Meaning
text moved (e.g. fronted) text
«text» direct quotation
<text> complement clause (of "merged sentence")
---------- verb gapping

Constituent chart: "Ordeal in the Winter Woods"

from Longacre, Robert E. 1992. Natural Text Processing and Text Meaning. In Current Advances in Semantic Theory, ed. Maxim Stamenov. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Used with permission. Chart excerpted with permission from "Ordeal in the Winter Woods" by Joseph P. Blank, Reader's Digest January 1988. Copyright 1987 by The Reader's Digest Assn., Inc.

Preposed S V O Postposed
1 Early in the afternoon of the tenth day, a Friday, Robin suddenly heard the swish of skis. Â
2 Â He saw a cross-country skier on a course that would bring him about 100 feet away.
3  Robin shrieked, «Hello!» Â
4 Â The skier was 22-year-old, John Steinmetz a state-parks life-guard in Sta. Cruz.
5a Also a lone skier, he was trying  Â
 b   <to come to grips with a problem of his own.> Â
6a A few weeks earlier, he and others had failed  Â
 b   <to resuscitate a drowned swimmer.> Â
7 Â He was ridden with remorse. Â
8a  Some quality in Robin's shout made  Â
 b  <John swerve to a halt and pole his way back.>  Â
9a «How 's it [in Pre] going?»  Â
 b  he asked the injured skier. Â
10  «I have a broken leg and ankle.» Â
11 «How long have you [in Pre] been out here?»  Â
12   «---------- Ten days.» Â
13a  «It took me about 45 minutes
 b   <to get here  from McCabe Lake,>»
 c  John said.  Â
14a «Well,» Robin answered,  Â
 b  «It took me six days.»